• Proof that merchandise was shipped to a positive AVS-confirmed address (response of10 Ways to Prevent Delivery Service Chargebacks. A08 Authorization Approval Expired. Another downside is that chargebacks on annual subscriptions. It is important to identify and understand the root cause and take the necessary steps to dispute the chargeback. Nevertheless, you must respond to the chargeback based on the given code. Step 1: The cardholder disputes a charge. ) has its own reason code system, so sellers should carefully check the card used for the. Products. The transaction amount and authorization number (ARN. The shorthand description is “No Authorization. Merchants who receive a chargeback for a transaction placed with an American Express card may encounter reason code F24, which indicates an unauthorized transaction that the cardholder does not believe they should be responsible for paying. Mastercard Chargeback Reason Code 73: Duplicate Transaction. EMV Liability Shift Counterfeit Fraud. 26% - the number of chargebacks that result from undelivered orders. Reason codes for the chargeback with detailed explanation of what it means, how to dispute the chargeback, and how to avoid future disputes. Updated the following columns - card type, response due date. Customers cannot dispute pending credit card transactions; they have to wait for it to actually post to their account before they can initiate a dispute. Reason codes are alphanumeric codes that provide the justification for granting a chargeback. If the dispute is deemed valid, the bank or credit union proceeds to issue a chargeback to the merchant. AMPERE chargeback happens when a customer disputes a charge from your business and asks the card issuer to reverse it. Report. File a claim and explain why you’re disputing the transaction. MasterCard: Reason Code 4859 Services not rendered. Fraud. The terminal action codes are in Table 122 of the 4. We also included the reason code descriptions and an indication of when the allowable time frame begins. pdf - Free download as PDF File (. The good news is that most of these invalid claims are disputable by the merchant. Reason codes for the chargeback with detailed explanation of what it means, how to dispute the chargeback, and how to avoid future disputes. This scenario applies when the arbitration was raised by either the. pdf), Text File (. UA06 Fraud – Chip and PIN Transaction. Using the same link provided above, contact PayPal to report the scam. Reason Code 12: PCI-DSS Non Compliance: The merchant wasn’t compliant with PCI-DSS requirements. A chargeback happens when a customer requests for a transaction to be reversed. Consider Deadlines. In these situations, a merchant’s billing descriptor is simply not recognized by the customer. 6). Below you will find the reason codes for the dispute events Chargeback, Request for Information (RFI), and Notification of Fraud. . C02 | C04 | C05 | C08 | C14 | C18 | C28 | C31. 1: goods not received. American Express Reason Code FR2 - Fraud Full Recourse Program; American Express Reason Code FR4 - Immediate Chargeback Program; American Express Reason Code FR6 - Partial Immediate Chargeback Program; NOTE: If you receive one of the above chargeback reason codes and aren’t aware of being in a fraud monitoring program,. 18167 US Highway 19 N Clearwater, FL 33764 877. Visa chargeback codes are broken up into four categories: Fraudulent activity; Authorization issues; Processing errors; Customer disputes; Fraudulent activity Below is a list of Mastercard chargeback codes used in eCommerce. Chargeback time frames - A specific period during which a chargeback can be raised. The goal is to reduce ‘friendly’ fraud chargebacks, helping sellers protect more of their hard-earned revenue. And according. 4. 1; Reason: EMV Liability Shift. Here finalizing user includes the chargeback reason codes from either of the foursome major card networks. Refund fraud, sometimes referred to as refund theft or a “whitehouse scam,” involves abusing a merchant’s policies to pursue a refund from a retailer and receive money or other goods without a valid reason to do so. Most commonly the payer is a consumer. This code tells you why the customer or bank initiated the dispute. If the dispute involves a non-Visa card, the dispute can be paused for up to 72 hours for the merchant to respond. Click “add filter”. The external reason/chargeback codes are converted to internal reason codes and are populated on the incoming (payment) AR document. Reason Code 02. Knowing these codes can help you dispute chargebacks more effectively. This extra step can be frustrating for Card Members and lead to lost sales. American Express reason code 155, Visa reason code 30, MasterCard reason code 4855, and Discover reason code 4755 are all specific reason codes for Shopify payment chargebacks. Then they instruct the merchant’s acquiring bank to reverse the transaction and withdraw the funds from the merchant account. Solution. Category. United States. 00 EUR as a Withdrawal fee. MasterCard chargeback reason code 4540. 2 EMV Liability Shift. It should ultimately help prevent fraud and unwarranted chargebacks, specifically applying to disputes marked with a Visa reason code 10. 65 fee for uploading scanned documents. There are five main categories of Visa chargeback reason codes: Fraudulent Transactions, Authorization Issues, Processing Errors, Consumer Disputes, and Other Chargeback Categories. For example, 10. The usual period that card networks will accept chargeback disputes is up to 120 days from the date of the settlement for the charge. 2: Canceled Recurring Transaction, and those disputes would still go through the normal chargeback process. Country. pdf - Free download as PDF File (. A chargeback happens when a customer requests for a transaction to be reversed. However, it is important to note that this reason code is based on the reason given by the customer to their bank. 1 Quick Reference Lead. The following are reason codes for the same scenario: Visa: Reason Code 30 Services not provided or merchandise not received. Encrypt transmission of cardholder data. Fight; Prevent; Get; Assets. Reason. In simple terms, an Electronic Commerce Indicator (ECI) is basically a 3-D Secure response code. You cannot effectively fight chargebacks until you identify which of these three things is actually responsible. The merchant dutifully refunds the charge, unaware that the cardholder plans to dispute the charge and get their money back twice. Visa uses chargeback reason code 75 to designate chargebacks caused by non-recognition of a credit card transaction by the cardholder. The other member could accept the chargeback or contest it, escalating the dispute to compliance where Visa adjudicates. FR2 FR4 FR6 M01 M10 P01 P03 P04 P05 P07 P08. American Express chargeback reason codes, much like Discover, bear one important difference from those under Visa and Mastercard: the issuing bank is also the card network. This will be referenced in the chargeback notice you received. Fine Period - month 2 or 3. pdf), Text File (. Here are some numbers on chargeback reason codes: 30% - the number of chargebacks that result from transactions made with a stolen card. The reason code. Page 1 Chargeback Reason Codes. Discover. A chargeback happens when a customer requests for a transaction to be reversed. Once you know why a chargeback happened, you can start building a case to address the claims that were made. Key-in your chargeback reason code and get a detailed explanation of what it means, how to fight the chargeback, and how to prevent disputes in the future. [noun]/rə • fənd • frôd/. They only bill customers during a dispute if there is compelling evidence to show the cardholder’s account is in the wrong. Other Fraud—Card Absent Environment. Fight;. A new 4 byte reason code will be used moving forward. Chargebacks are a major threat to businesses big and small. There are over 80 unique return codes, each representing a different return type. This may be done by either the merchant or the issuing bank. ”. This will not impact your integration, but you will need the documentation relevant to you. These are all the known American Express chargeback codes. Written over Chargeback Gurus. Specifically, these updates only pertain to transactions that are charged back after Oct. Specify the default reason code that you want the system to assign when you enter a chargeback amount. New Visa CE 3. processed the transaction correctly. Duplicate Processing - 81These codes explain the reason why the chargeback was filed, and the reason the chargeback was approved. Articles; Chargeback Reason Codes;. Eligible Chargeback Reason Codes . By entering your email, you agree to receive marketing emails from Shopify. 3. Network Processing ® ©Reason Codes A chargeback reason code is a distinctive two-to-four-character combination of letters and numbers issued by the involved bank to identify why a dispute was initiated. Different card networks have different reason code systems. A chargeback guarantee is a service provided by third-party vendors that protects merchants against the financial impact of chargebacks. Chargeback reason codes are one piece of evidence you can use to make your case. What are Chargeback Reason Codes? Chargeback reason codes are issued by the bank when a customer files for a chargeback. Not as Described or Defective Merchandise. 15, 2021. The tickets were held at the box office, and no signature, swipe or imprint of the card was obtained when the tickets were released. A01 | A02 | A08. This definitive guide include the chargeback base codes from each away and four more card networks. Fight; Prevent; Recover; Technical. Chargeback Reason Codes 85 and 4860 may be caused because the merchant: Did not issue a credit. April 2018_Chargeback Reason Code Encyclopedia. According to Discover, cardholders officially have 120 days from the date of the transaction to initiate a chargeback, although the network may accept claims filed outside of that window on a case-by-case basis. • Chargeback Reason Code – Each chargeback contains a reason code that signifies the reason for the dispute and the rules that must be followed by the issuer and the merchant in order to resolve the dispute. If the receipt pays only one invoice and the system generates a chargeback, it uses the offset account that was assigned to the invoice from which the chargeback originated. The ECI value tells you what to do next in a 3DS transaction — proceed, reject the purchase, or try again. Identity theft and account breaches in which the merchant is the victim, for example, fall under reason codes 01, 02, and 14. The merchant did not receive any returned merchandise. Pursuant to the Fair Credit Billing Act of 1974, cardholders have the right to dispute unauthorized or erroneous charges, and issuing banks must reverse a disputed transaction if the cardholder’s claim. In certain cases American Express may issue an Upfront Chargeback. Non-Receipt of Goods or Services. ”. Prevention strategy: Implement EMV chip card technology to reduce the risk of fraudulent card-present transactions. Click on “report a problem” and select the transaction in question. 4% of all transactions worldwide are made with EMV chip cards, which has led to a precipitous drop in card-present fraud. 2. Below you'll find a list of chargeback codes along with an explanation of what each one means, covering both. For this reason, you must document all debit and credit card transactions and adhere to the strict rules set by the card networks. 3. ONE reason code is an alphanumeric code selected from a fixed list by the issuing bank to indicate the reason of cardholder gave for requesting a chargeback. 4: Other fraud: Card-absent environment: VCR Dispute Reason Code 13. But friendly fraud is much more ambiguous. 4. Here’s how your store can prevent and deal with chargebacks. This code is used when a cardholder claims that a fraudulent transaction occurred in a face-to-face environment, such as a retail store. eBay chargebacks. Discover uses unique codes to explain those reasons to merchants. For each reason code, a definition is provided along with the merchant’s actions—or failure to act—that may have caused the chargeback,Unfortunately, it is pretty challenging to prevent friendly fraud. Reason Code 03. If the merchant has a signature showing that the order was delivered, or evidence that the. the Chargeback. Try Shopify free for 3 days, no credit card required. In some cases, errors can be resolved and reversed, but there is no equivalent to chargeback representment when it comes to ACH. When a customer decides to dispute a charge made to their debit or credit card, it is referred to as a chargeback. Mastercard Chargeback Reason Code 73: Duplicate Transaction. Clerical Merchants and Partners can request that Forte remove an account from the "Known Bad Accounts" database by calling Customer Service at 800-337-3060 option 1. A chargeback happens when a customer asks their card-issuing bank to reverse a transaction. The chargeback reason code. But if RDR receives a dispute about a Visa card transaction, it will instead consult the ruleset provided by the. Depending on the reason for the chargeback, your evidence needs to prove you: verified the identity of the shopper. A01 | A02 | A08. You must submit your response packet prior to the expiration date that is set by your payment processor, some of which only allow 5-10 days to respond to a chargeback claim. FR2 FR4 FR6 M01 M10 P01 P03 P04 P05 P07 P08 P22 P23 R03 R13 Select a code to see the details. chargeback_settlement: The gross shows negative if the chargeback was resolved in the buyer's favor, and the funds return to the buyer. Reason Code; Ref Number ; Auth Code; For a brief overview of chargeback reason codes, refer to the table below. This list can provide you with a brief detail on the reasons for chargebacks. The issuing bank will then pass on the chargeback to the merchant. Fight; Prevent; Recover; Resource. Scenario 2. You're viewing documentation for our latest API. This chargeback reason code was retired by Visa in April 2018. FR2 Full Recourse FR3 Full Recourse FR4 Full Recourse FR5 Full Recourse M01 Acct Notice - processed Chargeback authorization M02 Acct Notice - processed your credit M03 Acct Notice - processed your credit M04 Acct Notice - debit standsthat the transaction was either approved online by the issuer or offline by the chip. Assemble Your Evidence. Additionally, Amex uses a fifth "Miscellaneous" category. Chargeback fees make up a big chunk of the total costs, so we’re going to take a. This chargeback reason code can be avoided by ensuring that returns are processed promptly and accurately, and that the customer is informed of any credits issued. You must proactively address chargeback issues. One catch is that CE3. com Europe. The deadline for a Chase Bank customer to dispute a transaction is 60 days. Administrative returns (R02, R03, R04): 3%. Paymentology will submit the chargeback using the appropriate chargeback reason code. Each card scheme has its own time limits for chargeback disputes, which can range from 60 to 120 days from the transaction date. Which is meant to know the reason for the dispute. A magazine by Square . . This means that Chargeback Protection does not apply to payments you receive prior to enrolling in Chargeback Protection or payments you receive after your enrollment in Chargeback Protection ends. Blog and Articles; Success Stories;. 7: Defective goods and services: C32: RM: 13. With the implementation of Visa Claims Resolution, reason code 98 eventually became obsolete. Solutions. up under any number of different chargeback . American Express chargeback reason code C18 falls under the “Card Member Disputes” category. DD: Unearned (disallowed) discount amount. To start a chargeback process on your AmEx card, follow these steps: Get in touch with American Express by logging into your account. Description: Reason code for applying handling fee. Amex uses the same four main categories as Visa to organize its reason codes: Authorization, Card Member Disputes (which Visa refers to as Consumer Disputes), Fraud, and Processing Errors. 2. Over the last three years, so-called friendly fraud has become the number-one source of fraud as reported by merchants are forced to deal with. R04. Card Brand Code Description. The Merchant Reviews the Partial Chargeback Claim. 36. Blog and Articles; Success Stories; Chargeback Reason Codes;. To start a chargeback process on your AmEx card, follow these steps: Get in touch with American Express by logging into your account. Chargeback Reason Codes by Industry. An issuer can initiate a first chargeback when the circumstances of the transaction meet the requirement of a chargeback reason code described in the Chargeback Guide. Make sure to use security codes and AVS. The chargeback period, or the time limit for filing a chargeback, depends on the card scheme and the chargeback reason code. None, although there is a $0. 6. Usually, this will automatically be done by the processing system, or by an indicator button. American Express chargeback reason code C42. Dispute Best Practices Guide Overview This guide includes: An overview of authorization and transaction processing An overview of retrievals and chargebacks Reason code guidelines for all. Prevented; Recover; Tools. Know Which “Compelling Evidence” Is Required. Chargeback reason code 75 is issued when a card issuer receives a complaint from a cardholder stating that the name of the merchant that. Chargeback Reason Codes. Did not issue a credit, because it does not accept returns, but did not properly disclose its return policy. When you do the math, you are looking at a $5,000 penalty per month, along with a chargeback fee of $15-$30 per chargeback, and all the other associated costs. Once filed, the merchant generally has 20 days to respond to the chargeback. Overview. Maestro. the Chargeback. See our Automated Clearing House (ACH) support article if you are looking for ACH Return Codes. In both instances if the Merchant wishes to withdraw from an arbitration case, Visa will charge the amount of 500. Fight; Hinder; Recover; Resources. The Mastercard chargeback reason codes were condensed down in 2016, like the process that Visa just underwent with Visa Claims Resolution. 105. A chargeback reason code can offer merchants a lot of information, including which chargebacks you should fight and how to rework your return policy. The reason_code will be one of the following values: chargeback_reimbursement: The gross shows positive if the chargeback was resolved in the seller's favor, and the seller gets a refund. There are 151 chargeback reason codes across the four major card networks. Protect cardholder data. There are tricks you might use to circumvent an undesirable authorization message, such as not requesting authorization at all, or making multiple attempts on a declined card. Reason Code Reason Code North-America Reason Description; 4540: F29: Card Not Present (fraud) The cardholder denies participation in a mail; telephone or internet-type transaction. These symbols stand for reasons why a financial institution may file a credit card chargeback from their client’s name. According to Nilson, 56% of global card transactions were done on Visa in 2015. Get started . These processing options activate the automatic write-off feature and enable you to establish write-off limits for both under- and overpayments. Chargeback Code: Type: Processing Error: P01: Unassigned Card Number: P03: Credit Processed as Charge: P04: Charge Processed as Credit: P05: Incorrect. Batch chargeback process. As a merchant, you face the brunt of chargeback losses. As soon as a customer requests a chargeback, their bank will reach out to the business’s bank and give them a heads-up that the chargeback has been requested. Once filed, the merchant generally has 20 days to respond to the chargeback. 0. 105. Category. 99. What stands out about the Discover reason codes list, though, is most of the codes are alphabetically-noted rather than numeric. Chargeback reason codes vary by the credit card company. Breaking Down Chargeback Fees. If you receive a chargeback under Reason Code 85, you will need to provide evidence that the credit was processed in order to dispute the chargeback. This code applies when valid authorization for a transaction was required but not obtained, and the merchant processed the transaction anyway. The new codes, which can be found in our reason code guide, start with a two-digit number indicating which of Visa's four dispute categories it falls into: 10 — Fraud; 11 — Authorization; 12 — Processing Errors; 13 — Consumer Disputes; The Visa Claims. There are dozens of reasons why cardholders and issuers dispute transactions. Discover: Reason Code 4755 Non-receipt of goods or services. Once your business is approved, we will reimburse you for any eligible disputes (subject to the criteria above) you received during that time and waive any related dispute fees. It is important to identify and understand the root cause and take the necessary steps to dispute the chargeback. It’s a 3-digit alphanumeric shorthand attached to a returned ACH transaction explaining why an ACH transfer is reversed. Common reason codes Mastercard. Upfront Chargeback If we determine we have sufficient information to pursue a Chargeback, we may debit your account up front. The use of this reason code indicates that the cardholder does not recognize the transaction as it appears on their bank statement. There are no format changes to the sales file specification; there are additional values added to the sales file to designate chip card transactions. Customer Dispute. Time limits vary by card network and reason code, though, so you should look into the specific terms tied to the reason code. How many chargeback reason codes exist? There are 151 reason codes across the four major card networks. The issuing bank collects evidence from the customer and categorizes the chargeback using the appropriate, card network-specific, reason code. These codes will explain why the chargeback was filed. It is important for the merchant to know about the American Express Chargeback. Because of this, banks, merchants, and card networks often classify chargebacks into three distinct categories to determine how they should be approached. From there, the merchant can look up the code to figure out what the dispute is about. Chargeback reason American Express reason code Discover reason code Mastercard reason code Visa reason code; Cancelled subscription: C28: NF: 4841: 13. Discover Chargeback Reason Codes Explained. pdf - Read online for free. Overview. Timeframe: Under card network rules, a cardholder has up to 120 calendar days from the settlement date to initiate a chargeback (depending on the chargeback reason code). The new reason codes follow a format of two digits, a period, then a third digit. txt) or read online for free. The reason code may not reflect the true reason for the chargeback. The good news for those using Shopify Payments, the hundreds of reason codes and buckets them into eight. WEX began issuing chip cards in Q4, 2020. On the other hand, PayPal—which can serve as a credit card processor for merchants—allows buyers up to 180 days to file a claim. Reason Code. Visa also overhauled its system of chargeback reason codes. © Therefore, the issuer may submit a chargeback for a Payment Transaction using the message reason code 4842 before the 30-calendar day presentment time frame normally required for this message reason code. EFM MONTHLY CRITERIA NUMBER OF E-COMMERCE TRANSACTIONS FRAUD CHARGEBACK AMOUNT FRAUD CHARGEBACK RATIO BASIS POINTS (BPS) 3DS UTILIZATION (EMV 3DS + DATA. account_number= Any account number. Non-Receipt of Merchandise. For more information on these and other updates, check out our complete chargeback reason. September 2011: 5. Visa reason code 53 is used for Chargeback for Defective/Not as Described, and reason code 85 is used for Credit Not Processed. Depending on the reason code, supporting documentation may include: Copies of the order confirmation, invoice, or receipt; Proof of. UA05 Fraud – Chip Counterfeit Transaction. In this instance, the cardholder claims a misrepresentation of the order they received, such as a defect, damage, counterfeit, or incomplete merchandise. Every dollar disputed represents a loss to the merchant of $3. About Discover chargeback reason codes. 1chargeback_codes. Reason Code 11: Merchant Collusion: The merchant participated in fraudulent collusive activities. It can protect against criminal fraud attacks, but equally important, it protects you from liability due to fraud and other losses. A chargeback report is a way to condense a large amount of data about a business's chargebacks and disputes into a format that can be more easily interpreted and acted upon. com Time Frames by Chargeback Type and Reason Code. For each reason code, a definition is provided along with the merchant’s actions—or failure to act—that may have caused the chargeback,Most acquiring banks put a timeframe on when customers can initiate a chargeback for a purchase. UA10 Request Transaction Receipt (swiped card transactions) UA11 Cardholder claims fraud (swiped transaction, no signature)See the definitions of the various chargeback codes you maybe receive during the chargeback process. Check with the issuing banks to determine what time limits may apply to you. prenotification of chargeback, depending on the chargeback reason code, to the agency requesting additional documentation to properly dispute and remedy the chargeback. A credit card chargeback is when a bank returns money to you because a credit card charge was fraudulent or you bought something online that wasn’t delivered or was. The reason codes are grouped into several broad. reasonable and that the transaction did not exceed this amount range. Blog additionally Articles; Success Stories; Chargeback Reason Keys; BIN Look-up; eGuides and Reports;. This definitive guide comes that chargeback reason codes from jeder of of four majority card networks. Discover chargeback reason code 7030. If the available information indicates that the customer dispute is a valid one, American Express will automatically debit your merchant account for the amount of the disputed transaction and will send you a chargeback notification for you to review. Reason code encyclopedia Your comprehensive guide to reason codes, modifiers, time limits, and compelling evidence. These codes will explain why the chargeback was filed. When a customer who's enrolled with 3-D Secure from their bank initiates a purchase, the tool will deploy during the checkout. 11. Mastercard has plans to follow suit. A CVV2 code is a 3-digit code located on the back of a Visa credit, debit, or prepaid card. The actual underlying cause of this chargeback is. underlying your chargeback. Amex uses the same four main categories as Visa to organize its reason codes: Authorization, Card Member Disputes (which Visa refers to as Consumer Disputes), Fraud, and Processing Errors. Laundering: The merchant carried out transactions without a legitimate cardholder’s involvement. 5158. Scenario 1 — upfront chargeback. However, it's advisable to respond to whatever reason code you received from the bank. A chargeback reason code can offer merchants a lot of information, including which chargebacks you should fight and how to rework your return policy. The price of Order Insight alerts varies, but is often $8-$10 per deflected chargeback. Try Shopify free for 3 days, no credit card required. Chargeback Reason Codes and Descriptions. By entering your email, you agree to receive marketing emails from Shopify. These codes will explain why the chargeback was filed. Updated August 23, 2023. Chargeback reason codes. Dispute Category. It is important to check the time limit in chargeback reason codes because it determines how long a cardholder has to initiate a chargeback after a transaction has taken place. Chargeback stands If you don’t reply in time or with the right documentation, the Chargeback will stand. R01. 6. The shorthand description is "'No Show’ or CARDeposit Canceled. Reason codes are alphanumeric codes that provide the justification for granting a chargeback. Chargeback reason codes. There are over 80 unique return codes, and each one represents a different type of return. The length and structure of Reason Codes changed from a current two-digit code to four to six digits that contains decimal(s) point(s). The chargeback process is mandated by law in the United States. What are Chargeback Reason Codes? Chargeback reason codes are issued by the bank when a customer files for a chargeback. for chargeback reason code 4863 (Cardholder Does Not Recognize). Following is the list of Chargeback Reason Codes used by American Express (AMEX): AMEX Chargeback Reason Codes. With that said, you still need to understand the reason codes with any chargebacks from Amex. (otherwise known as NIÑA MANUFACTURING AND METAL ARTS, INC. If the order was genuinely not as described, then the cardholder has a case. At their core, false declines are legitimate transactions that get blocked on the suspicion of fraud without any fraud actually occurring. To help merchants understand the underlying issue of each chargeback, American Express has created specific chargeback reason codes to help business owners interpret chargebacks. Jan 2020_Chargeback Reason Code Encyclopedia - Free download as PDF File (. Under the legacy Visa Chargeback system, there are 22 chargeback reason codes (And remember, this is just for Visa. This ranges anywhere from roughly 60 to 90 days after purchase. The client will send this dispute to Paymentology’s Global support team via email – [email protected] codes. Jan 2020_Chargeback Reason Code Encyclopedia - Free download as PDF File (. 3. Card Type Reason Code Reason Text Chargeback Category Preventable Reversible MASTERCARD 4802 Requested/Required Item Illegible or Missing Request for. “Goods Not Received” also jumped to 9% of repudiated transactions as customers attempted to recoup losses for canceled flights. Card Type. Look below the surface. C02 | C04 | C05 | C08 | C14 | C18 | C28 | C31.